These materials were prepared on behalf of The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. Use of these materials is permitted for public or private use, provided that acknowledgement and/or citation of The National Campaign is included where appropriate. For additional clarification or questions, please send us an email.
Birth Data |
Briefly: Responding to the Increase in the Teen Birth Rate: Analysis From The National Campaign (2009)
The teen birth rate for those aged 15-19
increased 1% between 2006 and 2007, according to preliminary data released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). This is the second straight year that the teen birth rate has increased after 14 consecutive years of declines.
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Briefly: Teen Pregnancy and Childbearing in the United States: Ten Headlines (2010)
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Briefly: Why are the Teen Pregnancy and Birth Rates Increasing? (2010)
After 14 straight years of overall decline in the teen birth rate, and declines in all 50 states and among all racial/ethnic groups, the teen pregnancy rate increased three percent between 2005 and 2006 and the teen birth rate increased five percent between 2005 and 2007. The key question is, of course, what is causing this recent increase?
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The DCR Report: Section E - The Changing Portait of Teen Childbearing Over Time (2009)
The DCR Report (Data, Charts, Research) provides in depth answers to some critical questions about teen and unplanned pregnancy. New sections with be added to the Report from time to time and readers are encouraged to check back often on this ever-evolving set of data.
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Fast Facts: African-American Teen Birth Rate by State (2005)
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Fast Facts: Asian American Teen Birth Rate by State (2005)
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Fast Facts: Latina Teen Birth Rate by State (2005)
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Fast Facts: Minority Teen Birth Rate by State (2005)*
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Fast Facts: Native American Teen Birth Rate by State (2005)
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Final 2006/ Preliminary 2007 Birth Data
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Science Says #10: Another Chance: Preventing Additional Births to Teen Mothers (2004)
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Science Says #41: Socio-Economic and Family Characteristics of Teen Childbearing (2009)
To date there has been little empirical evidence to determine whether prevailing opinion is accurate regarding teens who give birth to or father a child. To help fill this gap, this fact sheet presents new findings on the socio-economic and family characteristics of teens who experience a teen birth.
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Teen Birth Rate Increase 2006: Some Thoughts from the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy
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Teen Birth Rates, 1940-2006
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Teen Birth Rates: How Does the United States Compare
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Teen Births: Examining the Recent Increase (2008)
By Kristin Anderson Moore, Ph.D.
This paper reports on that conversation and considers available evidence on whether and why the teen birth rate rose between 2005 and 2006. It also raises data and research issues that should be explored to sharpen the discussion and strengthen public and private prevention efforts.
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Consequences |
By the Numbers: the Public Costs of Teen Childbearing (2006)
by Saul Hoffman, Ph.D.
Teen childbearing in the United States costs taxpayers (federal, state, and local) at least $9.1 billion. Most of the costs of teen childbearing are associated with negative consequences for the children of teen mothers, including increased costs for health care, foster care, and incarceration.
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Playing Catch-Up: How Children Born to Teen Mothers Fare (2005)
Children of teen mothers aged 17 and younger begin kindergarten with lower levels of school readiness than those children born to older mothers, according to new research published by The National Campaign. The report also notes that children born to mother aged 18-19 do not perform much better on most measures than children born to mothers 17 and younger.
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Science Says #11: The Relationship between
Teenage Motherhood and Marriage (2004)
Many family-related factors affect how children fare and develop over time, and marriage is one of them. Research suggests that children do best when they are raised by two parents who have a stable marriage. Yet only 20 percent of teen births occur within marriage, and teen pregnancy itself is associated with a lower likelihood of marriage. This Science Says research brief examines the effects of teenage motherhood on marriage.
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Science Says #13: Younger Siblings of Teen Parents: At Increased Risk of Teen Pregnancy? (2004)
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Science Says #23: Pregnancy Among Sexually Experienced Teens (2002)
The dramatic progress made in reducing rates of pregnancy among teens in the United States has been widely noted and justifiably celebrated. This research brief makes clear, however, that the proportion of sexually experienced teens who get pregnant or cause a pregnancy remains startlingly high.
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Science Says #30: Public Costs of Teen Childbearing (2006)
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Science Says #42: Vulnerable Youth: A Closer Look at Reproductive Health Outcomes (2009)
This Science Says brief uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to explore rates of sexual activity, contraceptive use, births, and other measures among vulnerable youth in young adulthood. The brief also examines the association between cumulative risk and later reproductive health outcomes.
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Why It Matters (2007)
Teen pregnancy is closely linked to a number of other critical issues, including overall child and family well-being. Simply put, if more children in this country were born to parents who are ready and able to care for them, we would see a significant reduction in a host of social problems in the United States, from school failure and crime to child abuse and neglect. This series of fact sheets discusses several common social issues and how they are impacted by teen pregnancy.
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Effective Programs |
A Good Time: After-School Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy (2004)
Produced in partnership with Child Trends, A Good Time provides detailed descriptions of those after-school programs that have been shown through careful research to have a positive impact on adolescent behavior.
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Another Chance: Preventing Additional Births to Teen Mothers - Full Report (2004)
by Lorraine Klerman, Dr.P.H.
This report summarizes what is known about additional births to teen mothers, the dimensions of the problem, the factors that seem to increase the chances of such births occurring to teen mothers, their consequences, and the potential for prevention. The primary focus of the 49-page report (a summary pamphlet is also available) is a critical review and assessment of programs. The report closely examines what types of programs are most effective in preventing additional pregnancies and births to teen mothers.
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Another Chance: Preventing Additional Births to Teen Mothers - Summary (2004)
by Lorraine Klerman, Dr.P.H.
This report summarizes what is known about additional births to teen mothers, the dimensions of the problem, the factors that seem to increase the chances of such births occurring to teen mothers, their consequences, and the potential for prevention. The primary focus is a critical review and assessment of programs. The report closely examines what types of programs are most effective in preventing additional pregnancies and births to teen mothers.
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Briefly: A Summary of Effective Interventions (2009)
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Copy That: Guidelines for Replicating Programs to Prevent Teen Pregnancy (2006)
Copy That makes clear that a key step to lowering teen pregnancy rates further is to extend the reach of teen pregnancy prevention programs that have been shown to have positive results. Replicating programs proven to work is an important strategy to continuing recent progress.
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Do Abstinence-Only Programs Delay the Initiation of Sex Among Young People and Reduce Teen Pregnancy? (2002)
by Douglas Kirby, Ph.D.
This report addresses the important question: Do there now exist studies with good evidence demonstrating that one or more abstinence-only programs delay sex and/or reduce teen pregnancy?
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Emerging Answers 2007: New Research Findings on Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy - Full Report (2007)
by Douglas Kirby, Ph.D.
This comprehensive review of evaluation research offers practitioners and policymakers reviews research on a wide range of programs, including curriculum based sexuality and abstinence education for teens and pre-teens, sex education for parents, contraceptive and family planning clinics and programs, early childhood programs, youth development and service learning programs, and community based, multiple-component initiatives.
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Emerging Answers 2007: New Research Findings on Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy - Summary (2007)
by Douglas Kirby, Ph.D.
This comprehensive review of evaluation research offers practitioners and policymakers reviews research on a wide range of programs, including curriculum based sexuality and abstinence education for teens and pre-teens, sex education for parents, contraceptive and family planning clinics and programs, early childhood programs, youth development and service learning programs, and community based, multiple-component initiatives.
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Making the List: Understanding, Selecting, and Replicating Effective Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs (2004)
This report helps those working with young people to navigate lists of effective teen pregnancy prevention programs and make informed decisions about how to select the best one(s) for a particular community and population.
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No Time to Waste: Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy Among Middle School-Aged Youth (2004)
Produced in partnership with Child Trends, No Time to Waste provides detailed descriptions of those programs for middle school-aged youth that have been shown through careful research to have a positive impact on adolescent sexual behavior. The publication provides detailed descriptions of program curriculum, costs, and evaluation results.
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Not Yet: Programs to Delay First Sex Among Teens (2004)
Produced in partnership with Child Trends, Not Yet describes programs that have been proven, through rigorous evaluation, to postpone sexual activity among participants.
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Progress Pending: How to Sustain and Extend Recent Reductions in Teen Pregnancy Rates (2003)
By Douglas Kirby, Ph.D. and Karen Trocoli, MPH
While this nation as a whole has made significant progress in reducing rates of teen pregnancy and birth, examination of selected states, cities, and groups show instances where teen pregnancy and birth rates are stagnate or even incresing. Progress Pending explores why certain areas and groups continue to have high rates and what can be done to extend successes to these areas. The publication includes a chapter by Douglas Kirby, Ph.D., that explores what we know about the effectiveness of teen pregnancy prevention programs for various groups of teens and what role these programs might have in bringing down stubbornly high rates of teen pregnancy.
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Promoting Science Based Approaches to Teen Pregnancy Prevention Using Getting to Outcomes (PSBA-GTO) Case Studies
The purpose of the Promoting Science Based Approaches-Getting to Outcomes (PSBA-GTO) Case Study series is to showcase real-life narratives of grantees’ successes and challenges in working through the PSBA-GTO steps with local partners. The case studies provide concrete examples of how the PSBA-GTO process can be successfully implemented.
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Protection as Prevention: Contraception for Sexually Active Teens (2000)
A review of research on contraceptive use by teens, programs and services for sexually active teens, and policy issues.
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Science Says #4: Characteristics of Effective Curriculum-Based Programs (2003)
This Science Says research brief summarizes these characteristics and offers a few additional thoughts about their wider applicability to other programs to reduce teen pregnancy. For more information about effective programs to prevent teen pregnancy more generally, please see Emerging Answers.
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Science Says #9: Early Childhood Programs (2004)
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Science Says #32: Effective and Promising Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs for Latino Youth (2007)
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Snapshots from the Front Line II: Lessons From Programs That Involve Parents and Other Adults in Preventing Teen Pregnancy (1998)
A brief description of several programs around the country that are trying to increase the involvement of parents and adults in preventing teen pregnancy and in having a larger role in the lives of adolescents generally.
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Start Early, Stay Late: Linking Youth Development and Teen Pregnancy Prevention (1998)
This reader-friendly publication offers a concise look at what those in the teen pregnancy prevention community can learn from youth development programs. Based in part on a youth development conference sponsored by The National Campaign, the National Urban League, and Girls, Inc., the booklet offers several general principles and specific strategies from youth development programs and includes a foreword by Douglas Kirby, Ph.D.
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What Helps in Providing Contraceptive Services for Teens? (2009)
What helps in providing contraceptive services for teens? Over the years, The National Campaign has produced and disseminated a number of detailed reports and publications designed to answer this question. Here, in shorthand form, is an overview of what is known about carefully evaluated clinic interventions that help prevent teen pregnancy.
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What Works: Curriculum-Based Programs That Prevent Teen Pregnancy (2009)
This 24-page pamphlet presents a succinct overview of what is known about carefully evaluated interventions that help prevent teen pregnancy, including a list of effective programs, selected program effects, contact information, as well as direct links to resources providing additional program and evaluation information. The pamphlet offers advice on how to choose a program, catalogs the characteristics of effective programs, and offers some words of caution about what an effective program actually can accomplish.
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Faith Communities |
Faith, Hope, and Love: How Latino Faith Communities Can Help Prevent Teen Pregnancy (2005)
Created in partnership with a distinguished group of advisors, this guide provides faith leaders serving Latino families ideas to help young people avoid too-early pregnancy and parenthood. (Available in Spanish as Fe, Esperanza y Amor: Cómo pueden las comunidades religiosas latinas ayudar a prevenir el embarazo entre los adolescents.)
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Faith Matters: How African-American Faith Communities Can Help Prevent Teen Pregnancy (2004)
To highlight the strong connection between faith and preventing teen pregnancy, The National Campaign and the National Coalition of Pastors’ Spouses have developed a new guide, Faith Matters: How African-American Faith Communities Can Help Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Religious organizations, faith leaders, youth ministers, and pastors’ spouses are in a unique and powerful position to make a difference in preventing teen pregnancy. The guide for African-American faith communities provides practical tips to help young people navigate the difficult issues of love, sex, and relationships and avoid too-early pregnancy and parenthood.
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Faithful Nation: What American Adults and Teens Think About Faith, Morals, Religion, and Teen Pregnancy (2001)
Faithful Nation provides the results of a nationally-representative survey of adults and teens conducted in September 2001.
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Keeping the Faith: The Role of Religion and Faith Communities in Preventing Teen Pregnancy (2001)
by Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, Brian L. Wilcox, and Sharon Scales Rostosky
A two-chapter report, which explores some of the barriers between the faith and secular communities around issues of adolescent sexuality and examines what research says about the role religion plays in teens' sexual attitudes and behavior.
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Nine Tips to Help Faith Leaders and Their Communities Address Teen Pregnancy (2005)
Written under the guidance of the Campaign's Task Force on Religion and Public Values, made up of religious and secular leaders, this pamphlet presents practical tips to help religious leaders and their communities help young people avoid too-early pregnancy.
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Religiosity and Teenagers’ Sexual Behavior
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Science Says #20: The Association between Parent, Family, and Peer Religiosity and Teenagers’ Sexual Experience and Contraceptive Use
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Snapshots from the Front Line III: Lessons from Faith-Based Efforts to Prevent Teen Pregnancy (2001)
This pamphlet, which is released in conjunction with the report, Keeping the Faith: The Role of Religion and Faith Communities in Preventing Teen Pregnancy, offers some lessons that The National Campaign has learned from innovative faith-based programs that are doing promising work around the country. It is the third in The National Campaign’s series of Snapshots from the Front Line.
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Prevention |
Critical Judgment: How Juvenile and Family Court Judges Can Help Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy (2009)
The National Campaign and the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges (NCJFCJ) have joined forces to help address teen pregnancy and unplanned pregnancy among single, young adults in Juvenile and Family Courts. This publication provides the results of a survey of NCJFCJ members on teen and unplanned pregnancy and related issues as well as a summary of focus groups held with Juvenile and Family Court judges, a detailed case study of how one Miami judge deals with teen and unplanned pregnancy, and a brief look at efforts from other localities.
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Get Organized: A Guide to Preventing Teen Pregnancy (1999)
The National Campaign, in conjunction with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, is pleased to offer Get Organized: A Guide to Preventing Teen Pregnancy, a practical manual for people who are interested in taking action to prevent teen pregnancy in their communities. The three-volume, 17-chapter publication covers a lot of ground - from strategies for involving boys and men and for reaching out to religious leaders to practical advice about how to raise money and to conduct program evaluation. Yet it remains easy to read and simple to use, with many checklists and examples from promising programs around the country.
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The Next Best Thing: Helping Sexually Active Teens Avoid Pregnancy (2000)
A reader-friendly pamphlet that highlights what The National Campaign considers the most compelling issues in the challenge to convince sexually active teens to use contraception consistently and carefully every time.
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Partners in Progress: The Education Community and Preventing Teen Pregnancy (2001)
Because the relationship between academic failure and teen pregnancy is so strong, and because young people spend so much of their time in school, the education community and the teen pregnancy prevention community should see themselves as natural allies. This document offers simple ideas on ways the education community can help prevent teen pregnancy without sacrificing its core mission of education.
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Protection as Prevention: Contraception for Sexually Active Teens (2000)
A review of research on contraceptive use by teens, programs and services for sexually active teens, and policy issues.
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Provider's Perspectives: Perceived Barriers to Contraceptive Use in Youth and Young Adults (2008)
In 2008, The National Campaign partnered with the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals (ARHP) to learn more about providers’ perspectives of unintended pregnancy and barriers to more effective contraceptive use. This 23-page report identifies a set of concrete action steps that The NC/ARHP can work on to help prevent unintended pregnancy.
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Start Early, Stay Late: Linking Youth Development and Teen Pregnancy Prevention (1998)
This reader-friendly publication offers a concise look at what those in the teen pregnancy prevention community can learn from youth development programs. Based in part on a youth development conference sponsored by The National Campaign, the National Urban League, and Girls, Inc., the booklet offers several general principles and specific strategies from youth development programs and includes a foreword by Douglas Kirby, Ph.D.
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Science Says #32: Effective and Promising Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs for Latino Youth (2007)
This research brief details six programs that have been shown through careful evaluation to either delay sex, improve contraceptive use, and/or reduce teen pregnancy. Some of the programs were designed specifically for Latino teens and some were not; those that were not designed specifically for Latinos included Latino teens as part of the program evaluation or were found to be particularly effective among Latino teens.
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Ten Tips for Parents To Help Their Children Avoid Teen Pregnancy (2008)
Revised in 2008, this research-based list of practical tips is designed to help parents and adults help the young people in their lives avoid pregnancy and pass safely through adolescence.
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Terms of Engagement: How to Involve Parents in Programs to Prevent Teen Pregnancy (2006)
This publication offers practical advice on how to involve parents in programs to prevent teen pregnancy.
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Race/ Ethnicity |
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Briefly - Policy Brief: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Teen Pregnancy (2008)
Teen pregnancy rates in the United States have declined substantially since the early 1990s among all racial and ethnic groups. Even so, there have been real disparities in that progress. All of which suggests that our nation cannot afford to become complacent in its efforts to reduce the high level of teen pregnancy, which has serious consequences for child and family well-being. We must concentrate additional efforts to support various racial and ethnic communities that are disproportionately affected by early pregnancy and parenthood.
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Science Says #39: American Indian/ Alaska Native Youth and Teen Pregnancy Prevention (2009)
This Science Says research brief focuses on teen childbearing among Native American youth in the United States and includes information about sexual and contraceptive behavior, attitudes about sex and reproductive health, and information about potential programs for this population.
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Science Says #41: Socio-Economic and Family Characteristics of Teen Childbearing (2009)
To date there has been little empirical evidence to determine whether prevailing opinion is accurate regarding teens who give birth to or father a child. To help fill this gap, this fact sheet presents new findings on the socio-economic and family characteristics of teens who experience a teen birth.
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Toward a Common Future: Latino Teens and Adults Speak Out About Teen Pregnancy (2009)
Given the high rates of Latina teen pregnancy and the incredible diversity of the Latino community, many researchers and service providers have identified a need for more specific information on the many subgroups that compose the Latino population to better address the needs of the community. For this and other reasons, The National Campaign and the National Council of La Raza (NCLR) commissioned this nationally representative survey of Latino youth and adults.
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Voices Heard: Latino Adults and Teens Speak Up About Teen Pregnancy - Full Report (2007)
Teen pregnancy and birth rates among all teens have declined by about one-third since the early 1990s. Even so, the Latino teen pregnancy rate is almost twice the national average and has declined about half as fast as the national rate according to a new summary analysis prepared by The National Campaign.
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Teen Pregnancy Data |
Briefly: Teen Pregnancy and Childbearing in the United States: Ten Headlines (2010)
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Teen Pregnancy Rates in the United States, 1988-2006 (2010)
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Briefly: Why are the Teen Pregnancy and Birth Rates Increasing? (2010)
After 14 straight years of overall decline in the teen birth rate, and declines in all 50 states and among all racial/ethnic groups, the teen pregnancy rate increased three percent between 2005 and 2006 and the teen birth rate increased five percent between 2005 and 2007. The key question is, of course, what is causing this recent increase?
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Science Says #7: American Opinion on Teen Pregnancy and Related Issues (2004)
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Science Says #12: Teen Pregnancy Among Older Teens (2004)
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Science Says #31: American Opinion on Teen Pregnancy and Related Issues (2007)
This Science Says brief summarizes some of the key findings from the National Campaign to Prevent Teen
Pregnancy publication, With One Voice 2007: America’s Adults and Teens Sound Off About Teen Pregnancy.
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Science Says #37: Pregnancy and Sexual Activity Among Older Teens and Young Adults (2008)
This Science Says research brief focuses on teen pregnancy among older teens and unplanned pregnancy among young adults (age 20–24).
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Teen Pregnancy Rates, 1990-2004
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